Below is a summary of many acronyms and formulas. You may choose to add more items to this list.

Acronyms:

A/D: Accumulated depreciation
A/P: Accounts payable
A/R: Accounts receivable
AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income
APIC: Additional paid-in capital
B/S: Balance sheet
CAPEX: Capital expenditures
COGS: Cost of goods sold
DTA: Deferred tax asset
DTL: Deferred tax liability
EBIT: Earnings before interest and taxes
EPS: Earnings per share
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCFF: Free cash flow to the firm
GAAP: Generally accepted accounting principles
I/S: Income statement
MD&A: Management’s discussion and analysis
NCI: Noncontrolling interest
NI: Net income
NNE: Net nonoperating expense
NNO: Net nonoperating obligations
NOA: Net operating assets
NOPAT: Net operating profit after tax
PP&E: Property, plant, and equipment
R/E: Retained earnings
ROA: Return on assets
ROE: Return on equity
ROPI: Residual operating income
SG&A: Selling, general, and administrative (expenses)
WACC: Weighted average cost of capital

Formulas:

Accounting Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Accounts Payable Turnover = Cost of goods sold
Average accounts payable

Accounts Receivable Turnover = Sales
Average accounts receivable, net

A/R Allowance Ratio = Allowance for uncollectible accounts
Accounts receivable (gross)

Asset Turnover = Sales
Average total assets

Cash Conversion Cycle = Days sales outstanding + Days inventory outstanding – Days payables outstanding

Current Ratio = Current assets
Current liabilities

Days Inventory Outstanding = 365 days
Inventory turnover

Days Payables Outstanding = 365 days
Accounts payable turnover

Days Sales Outstanding = 365 days
Accounts receivable turnover

Debt-to-Assets Ratio = Total debt
Total assets

DTA Valuation Allowance Ratio = Deferred tax asset valuation allowance
Deferred tax asset (gross)

Earnings Per Share = Net income available to common shareholders
Weighted average common shares outstanding

Financial Leverage = Average total assets
Average stockholders’ equity

Free Cash Flow = NOPAT – Change in NOA

Intrinsic Value of Common Equity (valuation estimate) = Firm value – NNO – NCI – Preferred stock

Inventory Turnover = Cost of goods sold
Average inventory

Liabilities-to-Equity Ratio = Total liabilities
Total stockholders’ equity

Net Nonoperating Expense (NNE) = Nonoperating expense × (1 – tax rate)

Net Nonoperating Obligations (NNO) = Nonoperating liabilities – Nonoperating assets

Net Operating Assets (NOA) = Operating assets – Operating liabilities

Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) = Operating income – Tax on operating profit

Noncontrolling Interest: generally, the portion of equity attributable to minority shareholders (and not attributable to the parent entity).

Operating Assets vs. Liabilities: see page 3-18 of textbook; also note, for simplicity, assume all leases are "operating" due to recent accounting standard change.

Operating Expense Margin = Operating expenses
Sales

Payout Ratio (dividends) = Dividends
Net Income

Profit Margin = Net Income
Total revenue

Quick (Acid-Test) Ratio = Cash + Short-term investments + Accounts receivable, net
Current liabilities

Residual Operating Income = NOPAT – Expected NOPAT

(where, Expected NOPAT = Beginning NOA × WACC)

Retained Earnings (R/E): Ending R/E = Beginning R/E + Net Income – Dividends

Return on Assets (ROA) = Net income
Average total assets

Return on Equity (ROE) = Net income
Average stockholders’ equity

(if there is noncontrolling interest, exclude it)

Times Interest Earned = Operating income
Interest expense

WACC = (cost of debt × weight of debt) + (cost of equity × weight of equity)