Use of Citation and References

Citations and references are required in discussions, papers, and presentations in scholarly writing. As a result, they are required in almost all assignments in the IPL program.

Format

The citation format for the IPL program is APA Edition 7, except for legal sources and the other three exceptions discussed below.

Owl Purdue APA

This is the best APA source to use as a guide. Bookmark it because you should be using it every week.

This website provides examples for both citations and references for all types of sources. Take the time to look up the type of source you are using. It is your responsibility, as a graduate student, to look up the proper format and correctly use it.

Exceptions to APA, 7th Edition

There are four exceptions to the APA, 7th Edition format in the IPL program.

Legal Sources: Always use the legal format for all legal sources.
- APA does not italicize the case name when it is used as a citation, but the legal format does italicize the case name in the citation, and every time the case name is used in a paper. In scholarly legal writing, italicize the names of cases in the body of your writing.
- While we use the Bluebook format for legal sources, we do not use:
  1. footnotes or Id;
  2. all caps in citations or references;
  3. underline; instead, we italicize the case name to be ADA-compliant.
    - See page 1 of the Citing Sources Guide.

Video Lectures: Use the Citing Sources format for the Video Lectures that are used in each lecture.

Multiple Author Sources: When three or more authors are in a source, the in-text citation includes all last names the first time you reference them. See the Citing Sources document for examples.
- Example:
  1. First use: (Royster, Blumm & Kronk Warner, 2018, p. 323).
  2. Second & after: (Royster, et al., 2018, p. 323).

Pinpoint the Page Number: Include the page number(s) of books and articles unless you are referring to the entire article or book. Most often, the specific page or pages should be included in the citation.
- In websites or other documents, include the paragraph (¶).
- For eBooks without page numbers include the chapter or section and the paragraph number. This ensures that you are reading the course material. It will also assist your future use of the course material.

For more information, review the 10 Ways to Avoid Citation Errors Checklist.

Symbols Used in Citations and References

The symbol for a paragraph is ¶
The symbol used in law for a section is §
The symbol used in law for more than one section is §§
Use p. for a page number; use pp. for more than one page number.